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Retirement investing
The next frontier for defined contribution: embedding private assets
Nuveen has long been a leader in the democratization of private market investments in defined contribution (DC) plans, and we believe private assets are now poised to play a more meaningful role. But, as the conversation about integrating private investments into DC plans continues to grow, the question remains: how does this discussion differ from previous debates about asset allocation within retirement plans or discussions surrounding broader portfolio construction themes?
To explore the answer, this article will focus on the accumulation phase of DC plans — the time participants are working and saving for retirement. This is when participants aim to grow their nest egg by balancing risk and return; seeking long-term asset growth while avoiding excessive risk that could leave them vulnerable to a sudden market downturn.
Key takeaways:
- Private markets can
enhance outcomes for
DC participants.
Private assets offer plan diversification, broaden the investable universe and can potentially enhance long-term risk adjusted returns. - We believe embedding
private markets within
target-date funds is the most
effective and participant
friendly approach.
TDFs help manage the implementation of private investments, but an effective approach requires thoughtful design and transparent communication. - Each private markets
asset class offers unique
advantages and challenges.
Private assets offer distinct benefits but also introduce illiquidity, complexity and increased risks.
Growing momentum behind private markets investments
The idea of adding private markets to DC plans is gaining traction. According to recent Nuveen EQuilibrium research, nearly half of institutional investors believe that DC participants can benefit from allocations to private credit and infrastructure in their plans. In addition, about 40% expect to increase their allocations to private assets within the next two years.
Momentum is building as investors and DC plan sponsors recognize that, by incorporating private markets into plans, they can give participants access to asset classes that were previously out of reach. The inclusion of real estate, private equity, private credit and real assets in portfolios broadens the investable universe and can provide meaningful diversification benefits.
Constructive implementation approaches may also strengthen the role of private markets in retirement planning. Plans are maintaining relatively small allocations to private assets to avoid overexposing participants, while professionally managed targetdate funds and similar vehicles help preserve what they believe is an appropriate asset mix. This careful balance is already evident globally. For instance, one Australian superannuation fund reportedly allocates up to 40% to private investments, and some UK funds target 15%–25%, supported by longer investment horizons and the return potential of private assets. While these allocations are potentially too high for the needs of a target-date fund and its requirement for more immediate liquidity, they are indicative of interest from institutional allocators.
Although expanding access to private investments within DC plans can offer meaningful benefits, it also introduces risks and raises questions about which types of private assets are appropriate for both participants and plan sponsors. In addition, stronger participant education and clearer regulatory guidance remain essential. Even so, we believe that the advantages of adding private market exposure to defined contribution plans outweigh the potential drawbacks. With appropriate guardrails in place, these investments can help improve retirement outcomes.
The efficacy of embedding private assets in a target-date fund
Embedding private investments within target-date funds (TDFs) is, in our view, the most effective and likely the dominant path for integrating alternatives into DC plans. The TDF structure alleviates many of the challenges associated with offering private investments as standalone menu options.
Because the fund manager already oversees the fund’s asset mix, adding private market exposure expands the universe of return and diversification opportunities. Introducing private assets can provide exposure to less correlated assets, broaden the investable landscape and potentially offer risk mitigation benefits.
The example on the right, while for a more static 60/40 portfolio, highlights the change in characteristics that an allocation to private market assets may have. Within a target-date fund though allocations would change over time and would differ from this example according to the glidepath of the individual target-date vintage and portfolio manager decision making.
Embedding alternatives within a TDF also centralizes the operational complexities such as investment/ manager selection, due diligence, liquidity management, capital calls and distributions, valuations, reporting and portfolio rebalancing.
This is particularly beneficial for participants, as it removes the burden of assessing private investments on their own and simplifies their decision-making process. For example, growth-oriented private equity may suit younger participants, while more income-oriented real estate or infrastructure might become more appropriate later in the lifecycle.
Implementation considerations
One of the biggest challenges associated with adding private assets to DC plans is the potential mismatch between illiquidity and participant needs for cash flow when changing jobs, taking distributions or rebalancing. However, by embedding alternatives within a TDF, liquidity can be professionally managed at the fund level. This allows the portfolio to maintain sufficient liquid assets to meet predictable cash flow needs while maintaining longer term positions in less liquid investments.
While embedding alternatives in TDFs offers benefits over other methods, successful implementation requires careful attention to several key factors. First, target-date providers must have the expertise and infrastructure needed to manage private investments, and these capabilities can vary widely across managers. Some firms have decades of institutional experience in private markets, while others are only beginning to build out their capabilities.
Fee structures also require careful evaluation. Private assets typically carry higher fees than public market equivalents but embedding them within a TDF should allow participants to access institutional level pricing rather than retail fee structures. That said, plan sponsors must clearly understand the all-in costs, including both the TDF’s management fee and the underlying fees of the private investments.
Participant communication also remains important when alternatives are embedded within a professionally managed fund. While individuals do not need to make allocation decisions themselves, plans that provide transparency about what the TDF holds can build trust. Clear, accessible explanations about why alternatives are included and how they fit into the broader portfolio can keep participants informed without overwhelming them.
Dispelling myths about private markets
Nearly a decade ago, Nuveen recognized that participants deserved access to a fuller spectrum of investment opportunities and was one of the first asset managers to integrate private real estate into our target-date funds. We remain committed to the pioneering approach of increasing access to private investments, as we believe they can help drive better retirement outcomes for participants.
With that in mind, we are proud to have partnered with Cerulli and DCALTA on research that examines opportunities and dispels myths associated with incorporating private market assets in defined contribution plans.
To read the research visit: nuveen.com
Private markets asset classes: a closer look
Each private markets asset class brings its own benefits, challenges and risks for DC plan sponsors and participants. Below, we explore the suitability of real estate, private equity, private credit and real assets within DC plans.
Real estate
Real estate can provide distinct advantages for defined contribution plan participants, offering characteristics that complement traditional allocations. It can serve as an effective hedge against inflation because, when prices rise, property values and rental income typically increase as well, helping preserve purchasing power over time. Real estate investments also seek to generate steady income through rent payments, which can provide consistent cash flow, a feature that becomes especially valuable for participants approaching retirement.
Unlike stocks and bonds, real estate represents ownership of physical assets. This tangible nature can provide psychological comfort to some investors and reflects real economic activity through properties used for living, working and commerce.
Private equity
Private equity provides exposure to an asset class that has historically shown low correlation with public markets, offering diversification potential that can help smooth portfolio returns over time, particularly during periods of public market volatility.
Private equity also gives participants access to companies not available in public markets, creating opportunities that can be especially beneficial for younger participants with longer investment horizons.
While the illiquid nature of traditional private equity has long posed challenges for inclusion in DC plans, newer semi‑liquid and evergreen fund structures are helping address these constraints and improve accessibility.
Private credit
Private credit has emerged as an increasingly relevant asset class for defined contribution plans. These borrowers typically can’t access traditional lending from banks and the public markets due to their low ratings, so they typically offer higher yields than traditional fixed income investments to help compensate investors for the illiquidity, heightened credit risk and complexity of the asset class. In low-interest-rate environments or when traditional bond yields are compressed, private credit can provide a valuable source of income for participants.
Many private credit strategies focus on senior secured loans with floating interest rates, which can be particularly useful for managing interest rate risk within retirement portfolios. These loans also sit at the top of a company’s capital structure, offering investors an added layer of protection.
As with private equity and real estate, incorporating private credit into DC plans requires thoughtful structuring to manage liquidity needs, given their typically illiquid nature. And while newer semi‑liquid fund structures and interval funds have been developed to make private credit more accessible in DC environments, participants need clear education on how private credit differs from traditional bonds, including liquidity constraints, valuation practices and the drivers of the yield premium.
Real assets
Similar to real estate, farmland and similar real assets have historically shown a strong correlation with inflation. As the costs of food and commodities rise, farmland values and agricultural output prices typically increase as well, making farmland particularly effective at preserving purchasing power over long time horizons, which aligns with the objectives of retirement savers. Farmland’s dual return streams, derived from both potential land appreciation and crop income, also provide natural inflation sensitivity.
Beyond farmland, real assets can include timberland, infrastructure, natural resources and commodities. While each category has distinct characteristics, they share the common features of tangible value and inflation‑sensitive return profiles.
However, these investments are highly illiquid, and valuations can be complex and infrequent. Participant education is essential, as farmland and other real assets may be unfamiliar to many investors. Clear communication about their role, risk characteristics, liquidity constraints and appropriate time horizons is critical for effective implementation.
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Real estate-related assets are less developed, more illiquid, and less transparent compared to traditional asset classes. Real estate investments are subject to various risks, including but not limited to, fluctuations in property values, higher expenses or lower income than expected, changes in economic conditions, currency values, environmental problems and liability, the cost of and ability to obtain insurance, and risks related to leasing of properties.
Private credit/debt investments, like alternative investments are not suitable for all investors given they are speculative, subject to substantial risks including the risks associated with credit risk, interest rate risk, currency risk, prepayment and extension risk, inflation risk, and risk of capital loss, limited liquidity, the potential use of leverage, potential short sales, concentrated investments and may involve complex tax structures and investment strategies. Credit risk refers to an issuer's ability to make interest and principal payments when due, as well as the prices of loans declining when an issuer's credit quality is expected to deteriorate.
Adjustable-Rate Senior Loans may not be fully secured by collateral, generally do not trade on exchanges, and are typically issued by unrated or below-investment grade companies and therefore are subject to greater liquidity and credit risk. Lower credit debt securities may be more likely to fail to make timely interest or principal payments. Rates on senior loans typically adjust with changes in prevailing short-term interest rates; therefore, when short-term rates rise, senior loan rates will rise and when short-term rates decline, senior loan rates will decline.
Real Assets are less developed, more illiquid, and less transparent compared to traditional asset classes. Real asset investments are subject to various risks generally associated with the ownership of real estate-related assets and foreign investing, including but not limited to, fluctuations in property values, higher expenses or lower income than expected, changes in economic conditions, currency values, environmental problems and liability, the cost of and ability to obtain insurance, and risks related to leasing of properties.
In addition to traditional equity risks like market risk or the risk that company values will decline in response to such factors as adverse company news, industry developments or a general economic decline, private equity investments involve significant risks specific to the asset class, including illiquidity, long investment horizons, capital call obligations, uncertain valuations, leverage/financing risk, and dependence on successful exits. Private equity investments are not publicly traded, making them difficult to value and sell.
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